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BIOS “Please Select Boot Device” Screen – Causes, Diagnosis, and Resolution Guide

The “Please Select Boot Device” screen is a BIOS-level prompt that appears when a computer cannot automatically locate a valid bootable operating system. This issue is commonly enc…

Computer BIOS: Architecture, Versions, Vendors, Features, and Best Practices (Complete Technical Guide)

The Computer BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is foundational firmware that initializes hardware and starts the operating system when a computer powers on. Although end users rarel…

IAVT (Intelligent Anti Virus Toolkit): India’s First Antivirus — History, Architecture, and Practical Insights

The Intelligent Anti Virus Toolkit (IAVT) is recognized as one of the earliest India-developed antivirus tools, created in the early 1990s by Mr. Nitin Chandra for DOS-based system…

How to Fix the "BOOTMGR Is Missing Press Ctrl + Alt + Del to Restart" Error: A Step-by-Step Resolution

The "BOOTMGR is missing" error is a common issue that Windows users encounter when their system fails to find the Boot Manager. This can prevent your computer from starting up prop…

Create One Ultimate Windows Bootable USB in 2026 to Fix Almost Any PC Issue Using WinPE 10/11 Sergei Strelec – All-in-One Rescue Environment

In modern IT support and system administration, having a single, reliable bootable USB that can troubleshoot, repair, recover, and maintain Windows systems is essential. Hardware f…

How to Install Windows 11 Using a USB Drive or ISO File – Complete Step-By-Step Guide

Installing Windows 11 is easier than ever, whether you choose a bootable USB drive or install directly from an ISO file. This guide will walk you through both methods with the syst…

Why Windows Shows Your Laptop Running for Days: How to Properly Shutdown and Check System Uptime

Many Windows 10 and Windows 11 users are often surprised when they view system uptime and notice that their laptop has been running for several days — even when they shut it down d…

How to Enable Legacy Compatibility Mode in Ventoy for Older BIOS Systems

To use Ventoy's Legacy Compatibility Mode, you can enable it by adding a configuration file (ventoy.json) on your Ventoy USB drive. This setting can improve compatibility with olde…

Antivirus Software History: From DOS to Present – Including IAVT by Nitin Chandra

Antivirus software has been essential since the earliest personal computers. As viruses evolved from floppy-disk infections to internet-based threats, antivirus programs followed s…

Detecting and Preventing Hyper-V, Virtual NIC, and RDP Takeover Persistence on Windows Servers – A Complete Incident Response & Hardening Guide

Modern Windows Server attacks rarely stop at initial access. Once attackers obtain administrator or SYSTEM-level execution, they often attempt to establish persistence by enabling …

Windows 12: Rumors, Possibilities, and What IT Professionals Need to Know

The question “Is Windows 12 coming?” has circulated widely among consumers and IT professionals. As of early 2026, Microsoft has not officially confirmed the release of Windows 12,…

HP Printer Firmware Update & Recovery Errors – Fixing Bricked Printers

Firmware update and recovery errors occur on HP LaserJet and HP All-in-One printers when a firmware upgrade fails or becomes corrupted. In severe cases, the printer may become “br…

Computer Slow After Windows Update? Causes, Fixes & Performance Optimization Guide

Windows updates are designed to improve security, stability, and performance. However, many users experience the opposite — a slow computer after a Windows update. Boot time increa…

Can Windows Run Fully on NVIDIA Graphics by Default? Technical Limits, Practical Scenarios, and Real-World Solutions

Many users—especially gamers, designers, and professionals—often ask whether Windows can be forced to run entirely on an NVIDIA graphics card by default, starting from boot and han…

How to Safely Remove the Hyper-V Folder from C:\Program Files on Windows

After disabling or uninstalling Hyper-V on Windows, administrators often discover that the folder C:\Program Files\Hyper-V cannot be deleted, even with administrative privileges. …

HP Laser Printer Formatter / DIMM Errors – Causes, Diagnosis, and Step-by-Step Resolution

Formatter and DIMM errors are controller-level hardware faults seen on HP LaserJet and HP Enterprise printers. These errors affect the printer’s main logic board (formatter) or it…

Computer Motherboards: History, Architecture, Components, and Modern Design

The computer motherboard is the central backbone of any computing system. It interconnects the CPU, memory, storage, expansion cards, power delivery, and peripheral interfaces into…

SSD vs HDD – Which Is Better? A Technical Comparison for Modern IT Environments

Storage devices are a foundational component of any computing system. Two primary technologies dominate this space: Solid State Drives (SSD) and Hard Disk Drives (HDD). While both …

How to Install Windows 7 Using a USB Drive: Complete Step-By-Step Guide

Installing Windows 7 from a USB drive is one of the easiest and fastest methods, especially for laptops and desktops that do not have a DVD drive. Follow this simple step-by-step g…

Windows 11 Running Slow? Safe Windows Services You Can Stop Without Breaking Your System

Windows 11 comes with a wide range of background services designed to support system features, hardware compatibility, security, and user experience. However, many systems—especial…

DDR-5 RAM Explained: Architecture, Variants, Chipset Support, Sizes, and Best Practices

DDR-5 RAM (Double Data Rate 5 Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory) is the current mainstream system memory standard for modern computing platforms. It succeeds DDR-4 by delive…

Blue Screen Errors in Windows 10 / Windows 11 – Causes, Analysis, and Resolution Guide

Blue Screen errors—commonly known as BSOD (Blue Screen of Death)—are critical system failures in Windows 10 and Windows 11. They occur when the operating system encounters a condit…

How to Enable Virtualization in Windows

Introduction Virtualization technology allows you to run multiple operating systems or applications on a single physical machine. This is particularly useful for software testing, …

How to Create a Windows 11 Bootable USB Drive (Step-by-Step Guide)

To create a Windows 11 bootable USB drive, follow these steps: Step 1: Download the Windows 11 ISO Go to the Microsoft website. Scroll down to Download Windows 11 Disk Image (ISO)…

How to Speed Up Windows 10/11

Introduction Over time, Windows 10 and Windows 11 may slow down due to various factors, including background processes, unnecessary applications, and system settings. This guide pr…

Does Apple OS (macOS) Require Antivirus Software? – Technical Analysis, Vendors, and Best Practices

Apple’s operating system, macOS, is widely perceived as secure by design. This perception is largely accurate due to Apple’s tightly controlled ecosystem, strong hardware–software …

Future Operating Systems and Software Evolution: Emerging Technologies, Development Models, and Coding Practices

Operating systems and software development are undergoing a structural shift. Traditional OS models built around desktops and servers are giving way to modular, cloud-aware, secure…

Lenovo ThinkPad Laptops: Corporate-Grade Quality, Durability, Security, and Long-Term Reliability

Lenovo ThinkPad laptops are widely regarded as one of the most reliable and durable business laptop series in the world. Known for their legendary keyboards, rugged build quality, …

Paragon Partition Manager Community Edition (PM Express) – Free Disk Partition Management for Personal Use

Paragon Partition Manager Community Edition (PM Express) is a free disk partition management utility designed for personal and home users. It enables safe creation, resizing, forma…

Windows Server 2019 Security Hardening & Post-RDP Intrusion Remediation

This Knowledge Base article documents a real-world Windows Server 2019 security hardening and incident remediation scenario involving: An attempted RDP intrusion Partial Hy…

Ubuntu Linux: History, Architecture, Technologies, Licensing, and Enterprise Ecosystem

Ubuntu is a widely used Linux-based operating system designed for desktops, servers, cloud platforms, and embedded systems. It is known for stability, security, predictable release…

HP Printer Control Panel / Touchscreen Errors – Causes, Diagnosis, and Step-by-Step Resolution

Control panel and touchscreen errors occur on HP LaserJet and HP All-in-One printers when the printer’s user interface fails to respond correctly. These issues can prevent local o…

How to Fix "Windows cannot find. Make sure you typed the name correctly" Error on Windows 11

The "Windows cannot find. Make sure you typed the name correctly" error can occur in Windows 11 for various reasons, such as corrupted system files, incorrect file paths, or missin…

Does an Expired Antivirus Subscription Slow Down Your Computer? Performance, Security Impact, and Best Practices Explained

A common concern among users and IT administrators is whether an expired antivirus subscription causes a computer to slow down—and whether renewing the subscription restores perfor…

CMOS Battery in Laptops and Personal Computers

Introduction The CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) battery is a crucial component in laptops and personal computers, powering the real-time clock and maintaining BIOS …

Edge Computing Explained: Architecture, Use Cases, Implementation, and Best Practices

Edge computing is a distributed computing model where data processing occurs closer to the data source instead of relying entirely on centralized cloud data centers. As organizatio…

Linux OS and Antivirus Software: Do You Really Need It? A Technical and Security Perspective

Linux is widely regarded as a secure and stable operating system, commonly used in servers, cloud platforms, embedded systems, and enterprise workloads. A frequent and important qu…

Remote Support Tools Comparison (TeamViewer, AnyDesk, UltraViewer & Alternatives): Pricing, Features, Performance, Pros/Cons, and Security Risks

Remote support tools let an IT technician view/control a user’s computer over the internet to troubleshoot issues, install software, transfer files, and provide real-time assistanc…

Future of Computer Hardware Technologies: Architecture Evolution, Capabilities, and Practical Impact

Computer hardware is entering a new phase of evolution driven by limits in traditional scaling, rising energy costs, and demand from AI, data-intensive workloads, and real-time sys…

Apple Operating Systems (Apple OS): History, Architecture, Technologies, Licensing, and Ecosystem

Apple OS refers collectively to the family of operating systems developed by Apple Inc. for its hardware platforms. These operating systems power Apple desktops, laptops, smartphon…

How to Secure Office Computers – A Practical IT Security Guide

Office computers store sensitive business data such as customer information, financial records, emails, credentials, and intellectual property. A single compromised system can lead…

EC2 Instance Terminated but Still Visible in AWS Console – Billing Clarification and Safe Verification Guide

Many AWS users become concerned when they see terminated EC2 instances still appearing in the AWS Console under Instances, Global View, Monitoring, or Diagnostics. This often leads…

Windows Registry and Registry Editing

Introduction The Windows Registry is a hierarchical database that stores low-level settings for the operating system and for applications that opt to use the registry. It contains …

Android Phones: Features, Operating System, Core Technologies, Manufacturers, and Practical Usage

Android phones form the largest segment of the global smartphone market. Built on the Android operating system, these devices span a wide range of hardware designs, price points, a…

History of Mobile Phones: Evolution, Technologies, and Practical Impact

Mobile phones have evolved from bulky analog communication devices into powerful, multi-purpose computing platforms that are integral to modern life. Understanding the history of m…

Send Anywhere and Similar File-Sharing Apps/Websites: Features, Benefits, Pros & Cons (Knowledge Base)

File sharing tools like Send Anywhere solve a common IT problem: moving files quickly between devices and people—often across different platforms (Windows/macOS/Android/iOS)—withou…

Google Calendar: What It Is, Its Benefits, Techniques & How to Use It to Organize Your Time

Google Calendar is a time-management and scheduling service developed by Google that allows users to create, manage and share events and appointments through a web interface and mo…

Ransomware Explained: Origin, History, Major Types, Known Families, and Secure Removal Practices

Ransomware is one of the most disruptive and financially damaging cyber threats facing individuals, businesses, and governments today. It encrypts or locks access to systems and da…

Fingerprint Locks (Biometric Door Locks) – Working Principle, Technology, Recovery Methods, Sizes & Manufacturers

Fingerprint locks, also known as biometric door locks, are electronic access-control devices that authenticate users based on fingerprint patterns instead of traditional keys. They…

Hard Disk Drives (HDDs): History, Types, Technologies, Manufacturers, Firmware, Software, and Practical Usage

Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) have been the foundation of digital data storage for decades. From room-sized magnetic storage systems to compact multi-terabyte drives used in servers and …