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IAVT (Intelligent Anti Virus Toolkit): India’s First Antivirus — History, Architecture, and Practical Insights

The Intelligent Anti Virus Toolkit (IAVT) is recognized as one of the earliest India-developed antivirus tools, created in the early 1990s by Mr. Nitin Chandra for DOS-based system…

BIOS “Please Select Boot Device” Screen – Causes, Diagnosis, and Resolution Guide

The “Please Select Boot Device” screen is a BIOS-level prompt that appears when a computer cannot automatically locate a valid bootable operating system. This issue is commonly enc…

Antivirus Software History: From DOS to Present – Including IAVT by Nitin Chandra

Antivirus software has been essential since the earliest personal computers. As viruses evolved from floppy-disk infections to internet-based threats, antivirus programs followed s…

Computer BIOS: Architecture, Versions, Vendors, Features, and Best Practices (Complete Technical Guide)

The Computer BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is foundational firmware that initializes hardware and starts the operating system when a computer powers on. Although end users rarel…

Create One Ultimate Windows Bootable USB in 2026 to Fix Almost Any PC Issue Using WinPE 10/11 Sergei Strelec – All-in-One Rescue Environment

In modern IT support and system administration, having a single, reliable bootable USB that can troubleshoot, repair, recover, and maintain Windows systems is essential. Hardware f…

How to Fix the "BOOTMGR Is Missing Press Ctrl + Alt + Del to Restart" Error: A Step-by-Step Resolution

The "BOOTMGR is missing" error is a common issue that Windows users encounter when their system fails to find the Boot Manager. This can prevent your computer from starting up prop…

Cyber Security in India: Compliance & Threat-Defense Tools, Key Vendors, Registration Norms, and GST/Procurement Claim Process

Cyber security tooling for businesses in India generally falls into two buckets: Threat-defense tools (prevent/detect/respond): EDR/XDR, SIEM/SOAR, IAM/PAM, WAF, email security,…

Hard Disk Data Recovery: History, Processes, Disk Types, Software, Firmware, Encryption, and Recovery Feasibility Over Time

Hard disk data recovery is the discipline of retrieving inaccessible, lost, corrupted, or deleted data from storage devices when normal access methods fail. As hard disk technologi…

Does an Expired Antivirus Subscription Slow Down Your Computer? Performance, Security Impact, and Best Practices Explained

A common concern among users and IT administrators is whether an expired antivirus subscription causes a computer to slow down—and whether renewing the subscription restores perfor…

How to Install Windows 11 Using a USB Drive or ISO File – Complete Step-By-Step Guide

Installing Windows 11 is easier than ever, whether you choose a bootable USB drive or install directly from an ISO file. This guide will walk you through both methods with the syst…

Windows Server Manager Shows “Core Scanning Server” Stopped After Quick Heal Update – Explanation & Resolution

System administrators running Windows Server with enterprise antivirus and EDR solutions may occasionally observe a temporary service alert in Server Manager, indicating that the “…

Why Windows Shows Your Laptop Running for Days: How to Properly Shutdown and Check System Uptime

Many Windows 10 and Windows 11 users are often surprised when they view system uptime and notice that their laptop has been running for several days — even when they shut it down d…

How to Enable Legacy Compatibility Mode in Ventoy for Older BIOS Systems

To use Ventoy's Legacy Compatibility Mode, you can enable it by adding a configuration file (ventoy.json) on your Ventoy USB drive. This setting can improve compatibility with olde…

Linux OS and Antivirus Software: Do You Really Need It? A Technical and Security Perspective

Linux is widely regarded as a secure and stable operating system, commonly used in servers, cloud platforms, embedded systems, and enterprise workloads. A frequent and important qu…

Detecting and Preventing Hyper-V, Virtual NIC, and RDP Takeover Persistence on Windows Servers – A Complete Incident Response & Hardening Guide

Modern Windows Server attacks rarely stop at initial access. Once attackers obtain administrator or SYSTEM-level execution, they often attempt to establish persistence by enabling …

Google Workspace vs Microsoft 365 vs Rediffmail Pro – Detailed Technical Comparison for Business Email & Productivity

Selecting the right business email and productivity platform is a strategic IT decision that affects communication reliability, data security, user productivity, and long-term scal…

Data Backup & Disaster Recovery in India: Compliance-Driven Strategies, Vendors, Norms, Procurement, and Claim Processes

Data Backup and Disaster Recovery (DR) are foundational to resilient IT operations, legal compliance, and business continuity. With rising regulatory requirements (e.g., CERT-In lo…

Loans & Credit Cards in India: RBI-Regulated Providers, Registration Norms, Eligibility Grounds, and Dispute/“Claim” Workflows

Loans and credit cards in India are regulated primarily by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). In practice, a safe and compliant borrowing/card experience depends on: Choosing only…

HP Printer Firmware Update & Recovery Errors – Fixing Bricked Printers

Firmware update and recovery errors occur on HP LaserJet and HP All-in-One printers when a firmware upgrade fails or becomes corrupted. In severe cases, the printer may become “br…

Windows 12: Rumors, Possibilities, and What IT Professionals Need to Know

The question “Is Windows 12 coming?” has circulated widely among consumers and IT professionals. As of early 2026, Microsoft has not officially confirmed the release of Windows 12,…

Lenovo ThinkPad Laptops: Corporate-Grade Quality, Durability, Security, and Long-Term Reliability

Lenovo ThinkPad laptops are widely regarded as one of the most reliable and durable business laptop series in the world. Known for their legendary keyboards, rugged build quality, …

Computer Motherboards: History, Architecture, Components, and Modern Design

The computer motherboard is the central backbone of any computing system. It interconnects the CPU, memory, storage, expansion cards, power delivery, and peripheral interfaces into…

HP Laser Printer Formatter / DIMM Errors – Causes, Diagnosis, and Step-by-Step Resolution

Formatter and DIMM errors are controller-level hardware faults seen on HP LaserJet and HP Enterprise printers. These errors affect the printer’s main logic board (formatter) or it…

SSD vs HDD – Which Is Better? A Technical Comparison for Modern IT Environments

Storage devices are a foundational component of any computing system. Two primary technologies dominate this space: Solid State Drives (SSD) and Hard Disk Drives (HDD). While both …

How to Safely Remove the Hyper-V Folder from C:\Program Files on Windows

After disabling or uninstalling Hyper-V on Windows, administrators often discover that the folder C:\Program Files\Hyper-V cannot be deleted, even with administrative privileges. …

Can Windows Run Fully on NVIDIA Graphics by Default? Technical Limits, Practical Scenarios, and Real-World Solutions

Many users—especially gamers, designers, and professionals—often ask whether Windows can be forced to run entirely on an NVIDIA graphics card by default, starting from boot and han…

Computer Slow After Windows Update? Causes, Fixes & Performance Optimization Guide

Windows updates are designed to improve security, stability, and performance. However, many users experience the opposite — a slow computer after a Windows update. Boot time increa…

How to Install Windows 7 Using a USB Drive: Complete Step-By-Step Guide

Installing Windows 7 from a USB drive is one of the easiest and fastest methods, especially for laptops and desktops that do not have a DVD drive. Follow this simple step-by-step g…

Hard Disk Drives (HDDs): History, Types, Technologies, Manufacturers, Firmware, Software, and Practical Usage

Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) have been the foundation of digital data storage for decades. From room-sized magnetic storage systems to compact multi-terabyte drives used in servers and …

DDR-5 RAM Explained: Architecture, Variants, Chipset Support, Sizes, and Best Practices

DDR-5 RAM (Double Data Rate 5 Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory) is the current mainstream system memory standard for modern computing platforms. It succeeds DDR-4 by delive…

Blue Screen Errors in Windows 10 / Windows 11 – Causes, Analysis, and Resolution Guide

Blue Screen errors—commonly known as BSOD (Blue Screen of Death)—are critical system failures in Windows 10 and Windows 11. They occur when the operating system encounters a condit…

Windows 11 Running Slow? Safe Windows Services You Can Stop Without Breaking Your System

Windows 11 comes with a wide range of background services designed to support system features, hardware compatibility, security, and user experience. However, many systems—especial…

How to Enable Virtualization in Windows

Introduction Virtualization technology allows you to run multiple operating systems or applications on a single physical machine. This is particularly useful for software testing, …

How to Create a Windows 11 Bootable USB Drive (Step-by-Step Guide)

To create a Windows 11 bootable USB drive, follow these steps: Step 1: Download the Windows 11 ISO Go to the Microsoft website. Scroll down to Download Windows 11 Disk Image (ISO)…

Acrobat Collaboration Synchronizer – Is It Safe to Stop?

Sometimes when you open Task Manager, you may see many background programs running. One of them might be called Acrobat Collaboration Synchronizer. Seeing it multiple times can wo…

XAMPP Control Panel Crash: Fixing Exception EAccessViolation in xampp-control.exe on Windows

This Knowledge Base article provides a technical deep-dive and remediation guide for resolving the Windows application error: Exception EAccessViolation in module xampp-control.ex…

GMX Email Setup in Microsoft Outlook & Mozilla Thunderbird – Complete Configuration Guide

This Knowledge Base article provides a detailed, technical, and practical guide for configuring GMX (Global Mail eXchange) email accounts in Microsoft Outlook and Mozilla Thunderbi…

AOL Mail Setup in Microsoft Outlook & Mozilla Thunderbird – Complete Configuration Guide

This Knowledge Base article provides a detailed, technical, and practical guide for configuring AOL Mail in Microsoft Outlook and Mozilla Thunderbird.It is intended for IT administ…

Mail.com Email Setup in Microsoft Outlook & Mozilla Thunderbird – Complete Configuration Guide

This Knowledge Base article provides a detailed, technical, and practical guide for configuring Mail.com free email accounts in Microsoft Outlook and Mozilla Thunderbird.It is desi…

Antivirus Products in India: Types, Blacklist vs Whitelist (Allowlisting) Models, and Where CatchPulse Fits

Businesses in India commonly buy “antivirus,” but modern endpoint security is broader than classic virus scanning. Today’s products may include EPP (Endpoint Protection Platform), …

Windows Defender vs. Third-Party Antivirus

Introduction Windows Defender, built into Windows 10 and Windows 11, offers a range of security features to protect against malware and other threats. However, many users opt for t…

Cloud 3.0 Explained: Hybrid and Sovereign Cloud Architecture, Providers, and Implementation Guide

Cloud computing has evolved through multiple phases. Cloud 3.0 represents the current stage, where organizations demand flexibility, regulatory control, and security beyond traditi…

Ethical Hacking – Working Principles, Benefits, Career Scope, Skills, Institutes, Tools & Salary in India

Ethical Hacking is the authorized practice of identifying, testing, and fixing security vulnerabilities in computer systems, networks, applications, and digital infrastructure. Eth…

SaaS Tools in India (CRM, HRMS, Accounting): Vendors, Registration Norms, Procurement, and GST/Compliance Claim Guide

Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) tools such as CRM (Customer Relationship Management), HRMS (Human Resource Management Systems), and Accounting platforms are widely adopted in Indian b…

Support as a Service (SaaS) – Billing Terminology & Invoicing Standards for IT Service Providers

As IT service providers move from break–fix models and traditional AMCs to subscription-based managed services, the way services are described and billed becomes critical. Incorrec…

Blockchain Technology: A Practical Technical Guide for IT and Enterprise Use

Blockchain technology is a distributed ledger system designed to record transactions in a secure, transparent, and tamper-resistant manner. Originally introduced as the foundation …

Understanding LMIA in Canada: Purpose, Process, Requirements, and Step-By-Step Guide for Employers and Foreign Workers

Detailed Article: What is LMIA in Canada and How to Get It1. Introduction: What Is an LMIA?A Labour Market Impact Assessment (LMIA) is a document issued by Employment and Social De…

Evolution of Word Processors: Complete List of Word Processing Software Since the DOS Era

Before the rise of graphical user interfaces, word processors played a crucial role in shaping the digital writing experience. Starting from DOS-based text editors to today’s cloud…

Paragon Partition Manager Community Edition (PM Express) – Free Disk Partition Management for Personal Use

Paragon Partition Manager Community Edition (PM Express) is a free disk partition management utility designed for personal and home users. It enables safe creation, resizing, forma…

Does Apple OS (macOS) Require Antivirus Software? – Technical Analysis, Vendors, and Best Practices

Apple’s operating system, macOS, is widely perceived as secure by design. This perception is largely accurate due to Apple’s tightly controlled ecosystem, strong hardware–software …