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IAVT (Intelligent Anti Virus Toolkit): India’s First Antivirus — History, Architecture, and Practical Insights

The Intelligent Anti Virus Toolkit (IAVT) is recognized as one of the earliest India-developed antivirus tools, created in the early 1990s by Mr. Nitin Chandra for DOS-based system…

Antivirus Software History: From DOS to Present – Including IAVT by Nitin Chandra

Antivirus software has been essential since the earliest personal computers. As viruses evolved from floppy-disk infections to internet-based threats, antivirus programs followed s…

Evolution of Word Processors: Complete List of Word Processing Software Since the DOS Era

Before the rise of graphical user interfaces, word processors played a crucial role in shaping the digital writing experience. Starting from DOS-based text editors to today’s cloud…

How to Add a WYSIWYG Editor in PHP Pages Using TinyMCE and Trumbowyg

A WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) editor makes it easier for users to edit and format content on websites, blogs, or knowledgebase platforms — without writing raw HTML. Popu…

How to Close Your Kotak Securities Account: A Step-by-Step Guide

If you've decided to close your Kotak Securities account, whether due to personal reasons or a shift in your investment strategy, the process is straightforward and can be complete…

Online HTML Editors Introduction

Introduction Online HTML editors are web-based tools that allow users to write, edit, and preview HTML code in real-time without needing to install software. These editors are espe…

How to Enable and Use Group Policy Editor (Gpedit.msc) in Windows Home and Single Language Editions

Introduction The Group Policy Editor (gpedit.msc) is a powerful tool that allows users to configure and manage system settings, including security policies and user configurations.…

What is PDF? History, Benefits & Best PDF Editors – Complete Guide

? What is a PDF?PDF stands for Portable Document Format. It is a universal file format that preserves the fonts, images, document structure, and layout of a file exactly as designe…

Windows Paint (MS Paint): History, Technology, Features, and Modern Alternatives

Windows Paint, commonly known as MS Paint, is a basic raster graphics editor that has been bundled with Microsoft Windows for decades. Despite its simplicity, Paint has played a si…

How to Patch RDP for Multiple User Access: UniversalTermsrvPatch Guide

Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) is an essential feature in Windows, allowing users to connect to remote systems. However, by default, Windows allows only one active user session at a…

Difference Between POP, IMAP, and Other Email Access Methods: Technical Comparison, Use Cases, and Best Practices

Email access methods define how email clients retrieve, synchronize, and store messages from a mail server. The choice of protocol directly affects data availability, security, dev…

How to Move Microsoft Outlook OST Data File to Another Drive (IMAP / SMTP)

When the C: drive becomes full, Microsoft Outlook may stop receiving or syncing emails. This is a common issue for users configured with IMAP/SMTP email accounts, where Outlook sto…

What Is the Ping Command and Why Every User Should Know It

In the realm of networking and system administration, the humble ping command is one of the most frequently used tools for verifying connectivity, diagnosing issues, and measuring …

All Microsoft Windows Versions Ever Released: History, Features, and Release Dates

Microsoft Windows has evolved dramatically since its first release in the 1980s. From simple graphical interfaces to today’s advanced operating systems with AI integration, Windows…

How to Increase the PST File Size in Outlook Using the Registry Editor

Managing PST (Personal Storage Table) files in Microsoft Outlook is crucial for users who deal with extensive emails and attachments. By default, the maximum size of a PST file is …

Creating Animated SVGs for Web Applications: Tools, Architecture, and Implementation Guide

Animated Scalable Vector Graphics (SVGs) are widely used in modern web applications for lightweight animations such as icons, logos, loaders, charts, and UI feedback elements. Unli…

Adobe Photoshop: History, Technology, Licensing, and Modern Alternatives

Adobe Photoshop is the world’s most widely used raster-based professional image editing software, serving industries such as graphic design, photography, publishing, advertising, e…

How to Fix Printer Error 0x00000bc4 in Windows 11 22H2: Step-by-Step Guide

Introduction Printer error 0x00000bc4 is a common issue in Windows 11, especially after updates like the 22H2 release. This error typically occurs when users try to add or connect …

Lightshot: What It Is, Its Features, How to Use It & Why It’s Useful

Lightshot is a lightweight, efficient screen-capture tool available for Windows, macOS and as browser extensions (Chrome, Firefox, etc.).  It allows users to select an area o…

How to Set Up MX Records in cPanel for Google Workspace Email

Setting up Google Workspace email requires configuring the Mail Exchange (MX) records in your hosting provider’s cPanel. This ensures that all email sent to your domain is routed t…

Bulletin Board System (BBS) Services in the 1990s: History, Benefits, and Whether They Still Exist

In the 1990s, BBS services (Bulletin Board Systems) were a major part of the IT and “online” ecosystem—especially before the public internet became cheap and common. Users connecte…

Network Routers: Features, Technologies, Connector Types, Manufacturers, Performance Impact, and Practical Usage

Routers are core networking devices that direct data traffic between networks, most commonly between local networks (LAN) and the internet (WAN). From home broadband to enterprise …

HWiNFO Explained: Complete Hardware Monitoring Tool, Benefits, and Best Alternatives

HWiNFO (Hardware Information) is a powerful system information, hardware monitoring, and diagnostics utility for Windows (and limited DOS support). It is widely used by IT professi…

Horoscope Software Systems: Origin, Evolution, Major Platforms, and Technical Overview

Horoscope software systems are specialized applications designed to calculate, analyze, and present astrological charts and predictions based on astronomical data and established a…

Types of Software Licensing: Open Source, Freeware, Commercial & More – Complete Guide

Software can be categorized in many ways depending on license, purpose, ownership, and access permissions. Understanding these software types helps users and businesses choose the …

Understanding Microsoft Windows: License Types, Versions, Features, and Release Dates

Microsoft Windows is one of the most widely used operating systems globally, known for its user-friendly interface, robust performance, and extensive software compatibility. From p…

PDF Software Ecosystem: History, Technology, Major Vendors, and Modern Alternatives

PDF (Portable Document Format) software plays a critical role in modern digital documentation by enabling consistent document viewing, sharing, printing, and archiving across platf…

How to Fix Printer Error 0x00000709: Troubleshooting Guide for Windows

Introduction Printer error 0x00000709 is a common issue that occurs in Windows when users try to set a default printer or access their printer settings. This error typically arises…

Fixing Network Printer Error 0x0000011b: A Step-by-Step Guide

Introduction Encountering the "0x0000011b" error when adding a networked printer can be frustrating, especially when you urgently need to print documents. This error is common in W…

"Step-by-Step Guide to Adding an Admin on Your YouTube Channel (2025 Updated)"

Running a YouTube channel often requires teamwork. Whether you are a content creator, brand, or organization, giving access to trusted team members can help you manage uploads, ana…

How to Automatically Lock Screen in Windows Server 2019 After 5 Minutes of Inactivity

In server environments, physical access security is as critical as network security. An unlocked Windows Server console can allow unauthorized users to modify configurations, acces…

What Is an Email Preheader? A Technical Guide to Preheader Text in Email Campaigns

An email preheader is a short line of text that appears immediately after the subject line in an email client’s inbox preview. It provides recipients with additional context about …

CouldNotLoadArgumentException Error While Opening signData.jnlp in DSC (Access Is Denied)

Users working with Digital Signature Certificates (DSC) on Indian Government portals (CPPP, GeM, eProcure, State eTender portals) may encounter the following Java Web Start error w…

Knowledge Base Articles Not Showing Publicly: Root Cause Analysis and Permanent Resolution

A common issue in custom Knowledge Base (KB) systems is a mismatch between articles visible in the database and articles displayed on the public KB pages. This typically occurs due…

Digital Signature Certificates (DSC) in India: Class-2, Class-3, Types, Legal Validity, Manufacturers, and Practical Usage

Digital Signature Certificates (DSC) are a foundational element of secure electronic transactions in India. They are legally recognized tools used to authenticate identity, ensure …

Types of Laptops: Sizes, Hardware Specifications, Features, and Selection Guide by User Needs

Laptops are portable computing systems designed to meet a wide range of user requirements—from basic office work and education to software development, graphic design, video editin…

YouTube Video Embedding vs Self-Hosted Videos on WordPress Websites

Displaying videos on a WordPress website is common for product demos, training materials, marketing content, and tutorials. A frequent technical decision is whether to upload video…

How to Enable Legacy Compatibility Mode in Ventoy for Older BIOS Systems

To use Ventoy's Legacy Compatibility Mode, you can enable it by adding a configuration file (ventoy.json) on your Ventoy USB drive. This setting can improve compatibility with olde…

Create One Ultimate Windows Bootable USB in 2026 to Fix Almost Any PC Issue Using WinPE 10/11 Sergei Strelec – All-in-One Rescue Environment

In modern IT support and system administration, having a single, reliable bootable USB that can troubleshoot, repair, recover, and maintain Windows systems is essential. Hardware f…

How to Redirect One Domain to Another in Hostinger: Complete 2025 Guide (With SEO-Safe Methods)

If you own two domains — say domain1.com and domain2.com — and want visitors from the second one to automatically redirect to the first, you’re in the right place! This is common w…

Why Business Emails Go to Spam Even When SPF, DKIM, and DMARC Are Correct

Many organizations assume that once SPF, DKIM, and DMARC are configured correctly, all business emails will reliably reach the inbox. In reality, email authentication is only the f…

Windows Registry and Registry Editing

Introduction The Windows Registry is a hierarchical database that stores low-level settings for the operating system and for applications that opt to use the registry. It contains …

How to Create a Product Rotation Video or Animated GIF from Multiple Images

How to Create a Product Rotation Video or Animated GIF from Multiple Images (Laptop / IT Products)IntroductionIn IT product catalogs, websites, and WhatsApp-based sales workflows, …

Safelisting Business Emails Using Contacts, VCF Files, and QR Codes

Even trusted business emails can land in spam due to automated filtering. One of the most reliable ways to ensure inbox delivery is safelisting the sender by adding them to the rec…

rainee Appointment Letter & Internship Engagement Policy (Knowledge Base)

This Knowledge Base article explains the purpose, structure, and implementation of a Trainee Appointment Letter used for learners, interns, or on-the-job trainees who are not engag…

How to Set Up a Fully Branded SuperSite for Your Domain Reseller Business (OrderBox, ResellerClub, BigRock & GlobeHost)

Building a fully branded SuperSite for your domain reseller business gives your brand a professional edge. Whether you’re working with ResellerClub, BigRock, GlobeHost, or any othe…

Ipconfig Command Made Simple: View, Troubleshoot and Manage Your Network Settings

The ipconfig command is a built-in Windows (and some related OS) command-line utility that displays and allows certain management of the TCP/IP network configuration of a computer.…

Remote Support Tools Comparison (TeamViewer, AnyDesk, UltraViewer & Alternatives): Pricing, Features, Performance, Pros/Cons, and Security Risks

Remote support tools let an IT technician view/control a user’s computer over the internet to troubleshoot issues, install software, transfer files, and provide real-time assistanc…

How to Open Outlook in Safe Mode – Quick & Easy Guide

Safe Mode in Outlook is a diagnostic startup mode that runs the application with only its core features, while disabling add-ins, custom toolbars, and other non-essential component…

Ultimate Step-by-Step Guide to Launching an AWS EC2 Ubuntu Server and Installing WordPress with Apache

WordPress powers over 40% of the internet, and hosting it on Amazon Web Services (AWS) gives you the flexibility, security, and scalability you need. This guide will walk you throu…